无人直升机系留气动载荷CFD计算分析

系留气动载荷作为无人直升机系留装置的设计输入，通常以机身大风侧向角气动特性风洞试验数据为基础进行计算。采用CFD计算方法对某无人直升机算例样机的机身大风侧向角气动特性进行了计算，包括自由来流、停放在开阔地面和船艉甲板3个状态，以机身气动特性CFD计算结果为基础计算了其系留气动载荷。结果表明:无人直升机在开阔地面停放时的系留气动载荷与自由来流时基本一致。而受船体上层建筑的影响，停放在船艉甲板时的系留气动载荷与自由来流时有较大的差别，除部分风侧向角状态的偏航力矩之外，力和部分力矩的绝对值相对较小，部分风侧向角状态的力和力矩方向相反。研究结果可为选取无人直升机系留气动载荷计算方法和不同停放环境下的机身气动特性的CFD计算及风洞试验状态提供一定的参考。      

Geometric error analysis of an over-constrained parallel tracking mechanism using the screw theory

This paper deals with geometric error modeling and sensitivity analysis of an overconstrained parallel tracking mechanism. The main contribution is the consideration of overconstrained features that are usually ignored in previous research. The reciprocal property between a motion and a force is applied to tackle this problem in the framework of the screw theory. First of all, a nominal kinematic model of the parallel tracking mechanism is formulated. On this basis, the actual twist of the moving platform is computed through the superposition of the joint twist and geometric errors. The actuation and constrained wrenches of each limb are applied to exclude the joint displacement. After eliminating repeated errors brought by the multiplication of wrenches, a geometric error model of the parallel tracking mechanism is built. Furthermore,two sensitivity indices are defined to select essential geometric errors for future kinematic calibration. Finally, the geometric error model with minimum geometric errors is verified by simulation with SolidWorks software. Two typical poses of the parallel tracking mechanism are selected, and the differences between simulation and calculation results are very small. The results confirm the correctness and accuracy of the geometric error modeling method for over-constrained parallel mechanisms.     

一种新型的低噪声硅微机械陀螺电容读出电路

陀螺系统的微机械敏感结构部分的性能提升受到成本、工艺的限制，有较高难度，故提升接口电路的各项性能成为提升整个系统性能的关键。因此，电容读出电路作为微机械陀螺系统中非常重要的组成部分，该电路性能的优劣直接决定着陀螺的测量精度。为实现硅微陀螺高精度检测，设计了一款低噪声的电容读出电路。在陀螺与读出电路之间设计斩波开关，基于斩波技术进行低噪声设计，采用相关双采样技术用来降低关键的第一级放大电路的低频闪烁噪声和开关噪声。采用了一种简化的陀螺测试模型，用于读出电路的独立测试。读出电路在0.18μm CMOS工艺下设计流片，测试结果表明，该电容读出电路输出噪声为-122.8dBV/Hz1/2，可实现0.06aF/Hz1/2的电容分辨率。     

Hypervelocity impact induced shock acoustic emission waves for quantitative damage evaluation using in situ miniaturized piezoelectric sensor network

Manmade debris and natural meteoroids, travelling in the Low Earth Orbit at a speed of several kilometers per second, pose a severe safety concern to the spacecraft in service through the HyperVelocity Impact(HVI). To address this issue, an investigation of shock Acoustic Emission(AE) waves induced by HVI to a downscaled two-layer Whipple shielding structure is performed,to realize a quantitative damage evaluation. Firstly a hybrid numerical model integrating smoothparticle hydrodynamics and finite element is built to obtain the wave response. The projectiles, with various impact velocities and directions, are modelled to impact the shielding structure with different thicknesses. Then experimental validation is carried out with built-in miniaturized piezoelectric sensors to in situ sense the HVI-induced AE waves. A quantitative agreement is obtained between numerical and experimental results, demonstrating the correctness of the hybrid model and facilitating the explanation of obtained AE signals in experiment. Based on the understanding of HVI-induced wave components, assessment of the damage severity, i.e., whether the outer shielding layer is perforated or not, is performed using the energy ratio between the regions of ‘‘high frequency" and ‘‘low frequency" in the acquired AE signals. Lastly, the direct-arrival fundamentalsymmetric wave mode is isolated from each sensing signal to be input into an enhanced delay-andsum algorithm, which visualizes HVI spots accurately and instantaneously with different sensor network configuration. All these works demonstrate the potential of quantitative, in situ, and real time HVI monitoring using miniaturized piezoelectric sensor network.     

基于激光多普勒原理的极低风速测量实验

介绍了利用激光多普勒效应进行风速测量的原理及定点遥测原理,分析了探测气溶胶颗粒大小的要求,并以此搭建了一套极低风速测量系统。同时分析了系统的测速精度,以及安装角度对测量结果的影响。最后分别开展了转台实验、直线导轨实验和风洞实验,实验结果表明,该极低风速测量系统的测量误差基本可以控制在001 m/s以内,当风洞工作介质为未经处理的环境空气时,系统可以获得稳定可靠的信号,测量结果与高性能仪器十分接近。     

高温高速气流总焓接触测试法对比分析

发动机尾焰、燃烧加热、电弧加热器等高温高速气流总焓测量存在较大误差,采用结构优化的质量吸入水冷焓探针,标定后的驻点热流和驻点压力探针(Fay-Riddell公式法)对高温高速气流总焓进行了对比测试。结果表明:焓值为2.5~5 MJ/kg时,焓探针的测试误差约为3.38%,采用Fay-Riddell公式法获得焓值的误差约为3%。焓探针与Fay-Riddell公式法平均偏差约为4.65%。在地面模拟试验时采用两种测焓方法确定测试精度,对减小高温高速气流测焓误差,提高试验模拟精度具有积极的作用。     

共轴式直升机桨毂阻力特性与减阻试验

共轴式直升机桨毂阻力占全机废阻的50%以上,因此有必要对桨毂阻力特性和减阻设计进行研究。 通过对某共轴式直升机桨毂模型、减阻方案及减阻方案加装涡流发生器进行风洞试验,研究轴式直升机桨毂的 阻力特性,验证减阻方案及减阻方案加装涡流发生器的减阻效果。结果表明:桨毂支臂方位角、转速和攻角变 化对桨毂及其减阻方案的阻力影响很小;上下桨毂整流罩与中间轴整流罩之间的缝隙对阻力影响比较大;减阻 方案可以降低约33%的桨毂阻力,而加装涡流发生器的减阻效果并不明显。     

复合材料表面涂层多级微脉管修复剂输送系统研究

为了实现复合材料表面涂层划痕的多点自修复,研究多级管径的修复剂输送系统。在涂层中分别布置了主管道、次级管道以及末端微纳/多孔结构,构成多级微脉管修复剂输送系统。研究发现三级微脉管输送系统输送修复剂的效果最好,修复剂扩散更为均匀,扩散速度更快;主级管道水平布置更为合理,管道不易堵塞,修复剂输送更流畅,而且将主级管道嵌入基体中,可以减少其对涂层性能的影响。对末级管道结构的进一步研究表明,导流网结构比多孔泡沫镍的输送效果更好。因此,使用将主管道水平嵌入基体,末端微纳结构使用导流网的三级微脉管系统有望应用于复合材料表面涂层划痕的自修复。     

1 000 MW超超临界锅炉结渣特性预测模型

根据1 000 MW超超临界锅炉的实际运行数据,对其结渣特性进行研究和分析。建立了基于煤灰特性的锅炉结渣特性预测模型,包括单一指标和综合指标的各预测模型,这些预测模型能简单、快速地预测锅炉的结渣特性。但对于锅炉燃用煤质不均匀或采用混煤燃烧等情况,这类预测模型的准确性和可靠性将下降。同时根据锅炉运行时的实时监测数据,建立了基于炉膛清洁因子的炉膛结渣特性在线监测模型,通过炉膛出口后各受热面进出口蒸汽温度、流量,以及省煤器出口烟气温度等有关参数,利用反平衡法计算求得此时的炉膛出口烟气温度,然后求出炉膛的平均热有效性系数和炉膛清洁因子,最后根据清洁因子的大小来判断锅炉的结渣特性。该模型不仅能根据锅炉运行实时数据的采集,实现锅炉结渣特性的在线实时监测,而且能对煤质不均匀或采用混煤燃烧等情况的锅炉结渣特性做出较准确的判别。     

LY12CZ的腐蚀性能研究

利用从飞机长桁上截取的LY12CZ材料作出的试件分别在三种腐蚀环境下作了腐蚀实验.实验结果证明在加工时的挤压变形程度、腐蚀液的浓度对LY12CZ的腐蚀都有影响;SO2对LY12CZ的腐蚀现象主要是点蚀.